Research on lens power calculation and lens selection

The selection and calculation of intraocular lenses is my scientific focus, the basis for assessing the right lens and its correct power first-hand. Below are my peer-reviewed papers on the topic, grouped by theme and each linked to PubMed.

Intraocular lens power calculation: formulas & constants

• A two-step formula constant optimization strategy for minimal standard deviation and zero mean prediction error in IOL power calculation.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2026)
• Jackknife and bootstrapping resampling techniques to evaluate the precision of lens formula constants.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2025)
• Conversion of disclosed lens power formula constants.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2025)
• Response to Comment on: Intraocular Lens Power Calculation-Comparing Big Data Approaches to Established Formulas.
  Am J Ophthalmol (2025)
• Considerations on the Haigis formula: Are better outcomes possible with tuning?.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2025)
• Intraocular Lens Power Calculation-Comparing Big Data Approaches to Established Formulas.
  Am J Ophthalmol (2025)
• Performance Evaluation of a Simple Strategy to Optimize Formula Constants for Zero Mean or Minimal Standard Deviation or Root-Mean-Squared Prediction Error in Intraocular Lens Power Calculation.
  Am J Ophthalmol (2025)
• Performance of a simplified strategy for formula constant optimisation in intraocular lens power calculation.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2025)
• Surrogate optimisation strategies for intraocular lens formula constant optimisation.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2024)
• Leaving trusted paths: Estimating corneal keratometric index in cataract surgery eyes with zero-power implants.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2024)
• Evaluation of corneal power from an AS-OCT thick lens model and ray tracing: reliability of the keratometer index.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2024)
• Limitations of constant optimization with disclosed intraocular lens power formulae.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2024)
• Prediction of spectacle refraction uncertainties with discrete IOL power steps and manufacturing tolerances according to ISO using a Monte Carlo model.
  Br J Ophthalmol (2024)
• Impact of uncertainties in biometric parameters on intraocular lens power formula predicted refraction using a Monte-Carlo simulation.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2024)
• Monte-Carlo simulation of a thick lens IOL power calculation.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2024)
• Preconditioning of clinical data for intraocular lens formula constant optimisation using Random Forest Quantile Regression Trees.
  Z Med Phys (2024)
• Considerations of a thick lens formula for intraocular lens power calculation.
  Z Med Phys (2024)
• Influence and predictive value of optional parameters in new-generation intraocular lens formulas. First author
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2023)
• Particle swarm optimisation strategies for IOL formula constant optimisation.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2023)
• Formula constant optimisation techniques including variation of keratometer or corneal refractive index and consideration for classical and modern IOL formulae.
  PLoS One (2023)
• Bootstrap Outlier Identification in Clinical Datasets for Lens Power Formula Constant Optimization.
  Curr Eye Res (2023)
• Evaluating intraocular lens power formula constant robustness using bootstrap algorithms.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2023)
• Update on Biometry and Lens Calculation - A Review of the Basic Principles and New Developments. First author
  Klin Monbl Augenheilkd (2022)
• Similarity of eyes in a cataractous population-How reliable is the biometry of the fellow eye for lens power calculation?.
  PLoS One (2022)
• Strategies for formula constant optimisation for intraocular lens power calculation.
  PLoS One (2022)
• Project Hyperopic Power Prediction II: The Effects of Second Eye Refinement Methods on Prediction Error in Hyperopic Eyes. First author
  Curr Eye Res (2022)
• Prediction of the axial lens position after cataract surgery using deep learning algorithms and multilinear regression.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2022)
• Project hyperopic power prediction: accuracy of 13 different concepts for intraocular lens calculation in short eyes. First author
  Br J Ophthalmol (2022)
• Considerations on the Castrop formula for calculation of intraocular lens power.
  PLoS One (2021)
• Prediction model for best focus, power, and spherical aberration of the cornea: Raytracing on a large dataset of OCT data.
  PLoS One (2021)
• Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Calculation of Intraocular Lens Power.
  Klin Monbl Augenheilkd (2020)

IOL calculation in challenging eyes: after laser correction, keratoconus, corneal power & aphakia/secondary lenses

• Incision-induced astigmatic changes in eyes undergoing simultaneous phakic intraocular lens explantation and phacoemulsification.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2026)
• Stromal Curvature, Power and Corneal-Stromal Curvature Ratios From a Hybrid AS-OCT in Eyes With Keratoconus. First author
  Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2026)
• Corneal power modelling with OCT data - Thin and thick lens paraxial models versus raytracing.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2025)
• Refractive, visual, and safety outcomes of three surgical techniques for aphakia correction.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2025)
• Normative Values on Stromal Curvature, Power and Corneal-Stromal Curvature Ratios From a Hybrid AS-OCT. First author
  Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2025)
• Impact of the corneal epithelium on the corneal power using 3D raytracing with OCT data.
  Z Med Phys (2025)
• The role of the epithelium in intraocular lens and corneal power calculation. First author
  Ophthalmic Physiol Opt (2025)
• Comparison of Pre- and Post-DMEK Keratometry and Total Keratometry Values for IOL Power Calculations in Eyes Undergoing Triple DMEK.
  Curr Eye Res (2024)
• Determining the type of previous laser vision correction using keratometry measurements obtained from an SS-OCT biometer.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2023)
• Standard vs total keratometry for intraocular lens power calculation in cataract surgery combined with DMEK.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2023)
• The CRW1 Index: Identification of Eyes with Previous Myopic Laser Vision Correction Using Only a Swept-Source OCT Biometer.
  Am J Ophthalmol (2023)
• Biometry and Intraocular Lens Power Calculation in Eyes with Prior Laser Vision Correction (LVC) - A Review. First author
  Klin Monbl Augenheilkd (2022)

Toric lenses & astigmatism

• Planning Adjustment of Toric Capsular Bag Intraocular Lens Axis to Minimise Refractive Cylinder Outcome-A Calculation Concept Based on Vergence Transformations.
  Diagnostics (Basel) (2026)
• Predictive Correction Model for Corneal Back Surface Astigmatism With IOLMaster700 Keratometry Data in a Cataractous Population.
  Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2026)
• Repeatability of Corneal Astigmatism and Equivalent Power with the MS-39 Tomographer Derived from Model Surface Fitting in a Cataractous Population.
  Sensors (Basel) (2025)
• Deciphering corneal astigmatism: calculation pitfalls and how to avoid them.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2025)
• Evaluation of keratometric and total corneal astigmatism measurements from optical biometers and anterior segment tomographers and mapping to reconstructed corneal astigmatism vector components.
  PLoS One (2025)
• Prediction of refraction error after toric lens implantation with biometric input data uncertainties and power labelling tolerances: Response.
  Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2025)
• Prediction of refraction error after toric lens implantation with biometric input data uncertainties and power labelling tolerances.
  Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2025)
• The Homburg-Adelaide toric IOL nomogram: How to predict corneal power vectors from preoperative IOLMaster 700 keratometry and total corneal power in toric IOL implantation.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2025)
• Evaluating keratometry and corneal astigmatism data from biometers and anterior segment tomographers and mapping to reconstructed corneal astigmatism.
  Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2024)
• Vector analysis of corneal astigmatism in cataractous eyes based on IOLMaster 700 biometry.
  PLoS One (2024)
• Evaluation of statistical correction strategies for corneal back surface astigmatism with toric lenses: a vector analysis.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2024)
• Prediction of corneal power vectors after cataract surgery with toric lens implantation-A vector analysis.
  PLoS One (2023)
• Characteristics of surgically induced astigmatism after standardized microincisional cataract surgery with a superior limbal incision. First author
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2023)
• Meridional ocular magnification after cataract surgery with toric and non-toric intraocular lenses.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2022)
• Surgically Induced Astigmatism after Cataract Surgery - A Vector Analysis.
  Curr Eye Res (2022)
• Prediction of corneal back surface power - Deep learning algorithm versus multivariate regression.
  Ophthalmic Physiol Opt (2022)
• Prediction of total corneal power from measured anterior corneal power on the IOLMaster 700 using a feedforward shallow neural network.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2022)
• The Castrop formula for calculation of toric intraocular lenses.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2021)

Lens selection & lens diagnostics (premium, presbyopia, monofocal, aspheric)

• Correction: Capsular bag performance of an aspheric hydrophobic IOL after conventional phacoemulsification or femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery: 12-month results of a randomized prospective study.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2026)
• Reading Speed and Visual Acuity in Photopic and Mesopic Conditions After Bilateral Implantation of Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses. First author
  Am J Ophthalmol (2026)
• Real-World Visual and Refractive Results of Two Different Presbyopia Correcting Intraocular Lenses.
  J Clin Med (2025)
• Deciphering the best shape aspheric intraocular lens - A raytracing based optimisation study.
  Z Med Phys (2025)
• Capsular bag performance of an aspheric hydrophobic IOL after conventional phacoemulsification or femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery: 12-month results of a randomized prospective study.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2025)
• Visual outcomes of aberration neutral versus monofocal plus IOLs in triple DMEK surgery.
  Int Ophthalmol (2025)
• Depth of field or depth of focus?.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2024)
• Unilateral intraindividual comparison and bilateral performance of a monofocal spherical and diffractive extended depth of field intraocular lens mix-and-match approach. First author
  Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2024)
• Considerations on the Calculation of Multifocal Duet Implantation in a Monovision Scenario for the Correction of Presbyopia - A Case Example.
  Klin Monbl Augenheilkd (2023)
• Translation model for CW chord to angle Alpha derived from a Monte-Carlo simulation based on raytracing.
  PLoS One (2022)
• Translation model for anterior segment tomographic data to corneal spherical aberration derived from a Monte-Carlo simulation based on raytracing.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2022)
• Rotational Stability, Tilt and Decentration of a New IOL with a 7.0 mm Optic. First author
  Curr Eye Res (2021)

ICL & phakic lenses

• Cat Eyes - Iris Capture as Unusual Complication after Implantation of the Phakic Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens. First author
  Klin Monbl Augenheilkd (2025)
• The Influence of Lens Position, Vault Prediction, and Posterior Cornea on Phakic Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Power. First author
  Am J Ophthalmol (2024)
• Monte-Carlo simulation for calculating phakic supplementary lenses based on a thick and thin lens model using anterior segment OCT data.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2024)
• Evaluation of phakic intraocular lens power calculation using the new Linz-Homburg-Castrop formula and comparison with four conventional methods. First author
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2023)
• Calculation of Equivalent and Toric Power in AddOn Lenses Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation.
  Ophthalmic Res (2022)
• Toric phakic IOLs in keratoconus-evaluation of preoperative parameters on the outcome of phakic anterior chamber lens implantation in patients with keratoconus.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2021)

Biometry, devices & measurement

• Response to the Letter to the Editor: Dual-Zone Keratometry for Identifying Central Radius and Corneal Asphericity.
  Curr Eye Res (2026)
• Qualifying optical biometry data before cataract surgery using autoencoders.
  Z Med Phys (2026)
• Keratometry and the Central Radius with Aspheric Corneal Surfaces.
  Curr Eye Res (2026)
• Refractive Outcomes Using Simulated Keratometry Versus Keratometry From an Optical Biometer.
  Am J Ophthalmol (2026)
• Repeatability of corneal measurements from the Casia2 anterior segment tomographer in a cataractous population.
  PLoS One (2025)
• Repeatability of corneal curvature with the MS-39 anterior segment tomographer in a cataractous population.
  PLoS One (2025)
• Repeatability of biometric measures from the LenStar LS900 in a cataractous population.
  PLoS One (2025)
• Reply : Impact of quality indicators on variability of keratometry measurements using a SS-OCT-based optical biometer.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2025)
• Impact of quality indicators on variability of keratometry measurements using a SS-OCT-based optical biometer.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2025)
• Repeatability of biometric measures from the IOLMaster 700 in a cataractous population.
  PLoS One (2024)
• Differences Between Keratometry and Total Keratometry Measurements in a Large Dataset Obtained With a Modern Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Biometer. First author
  Am J Ophthalmol (2024)
• Prediction of IOL decentration, tilt and axial position using anterior segment OCT data.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2024)
• Technical variability of cornea parameters derived from anterior segment OCT fitted with Fringe Zernike polynomials.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2024)
• Bootstrapping of Corneal Optical Coherence Tomography Data to Investigate Conic Fit Robustness.
  J Clin Med (2023)
• Comparison of 2 modern swept-source optical biometers-IOLMaster 700 and Anterion.
  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2023)
• The 10,000 Eyes Study: Analysis of Keratometry, Abulafia-Koch regression transformation, and Biometric Eye Parameters Obtained With Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography. First author
  Am J Ophthalmol (2023)
• Prediction of CW chord as a measure for the eye's orientation axis after cataract surgery from preoperative IOLMaster 700 measurement data.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2022)

Keratoconus, corneal cross-linking & biomechanics

• Comparative Analysis of Two Measurement Modalities for Ex Vivo Analysis of Corneal Stiffness in Porcine Corneas.
  Bioengineering (Basel) (2025)
• Analysis of Biomechanical Response After Corneal Crosslinking with Different Fluence Levels in Porcine Corneas.
  Curr Eye Res (2023)
• Comparison of Corneal Thickness Measurements After Customized Corneal Crosslinking Using High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography and Scheimpflug Tomography.
  Cornea (2023)
• Late onset of a persistent, deep stromal and endothelial scarring after corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: A case report.
  Eur J Ophthalmol (2022)
• Biomechanical Response After Corneal Cross-linking With Riboflavin Dissolved in Dextran Solution Versus Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose.
  J Refract Surg (2021)

Refractive laser & corneal surgery

• Addition by Subtraction: Reversing Epikeratophakia and Stromal Scarring in a Patient With Myopia Magna. First author
  Cornea (2025)
• Refractive Astigmatism Outcomes of Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Arcuate Keratotomies Combined with Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery: Two-Year Results.
  Curr Eye Res (2024)
• Therapeutic visual rehabilitation in a patient with high hyperopia and flat cornea years after radial keratotomy.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2023)
• Lasting Effects: Seven Year Results of the Castrop Nomogram for Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Paired Corneal Arcuate Incisions. First author
  Curr Eye Res (2022)
• Precision and refractive predictability of a new nomogram for femtosecond laser-assisted corneal arcuate incisions. First author
  Acta Ophthalmol (2021)
• Calzone-Like Traumatic Flap Dislocation Four Years after Laser in situ Keratomileusis.
  Case Rep Ophthalmol (2019)

Further ophthalmic work

• Variation in Manifest Subjective Refraction in a Population Screened for Refractive Surgery.
  Diagnostics (Basel) (2026)
• Randomized controlled bilateral comparison of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery versus conventional phacoemulsification.
  BMJ Surg Interv Health Technol (2025)
• Deciphering the performance of different surface models for corneal topography.
  Ophthalmic Physiol Opt (2025)
• Prediction of ocular magnification and aniseikonia after cataract surgery.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2022)
• The Influence of Coronary Heart Disease on Retinal Electrophysiological Examination (Full-field, Pattern and Multifocal Electroretinograms). First author
  Curr Eye Res (2022)
• [Simple method to estimate object to image magnification and aniseikonia following cataract surgery].
  Ophthalmologe (2022)
• Simulation of Corneal imaging properties for near objects.
  Ophthalmic Physiol Opt (2021)
• Influence of ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis on visual field testing in patients with arterial hypertension: A comparative cross-sectional study. First author
  Ophthalmic Physiol Opt (2021)
• Prospective comparison of apex-centered vs standard pupil-centered femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy in cataract surgery.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2021)
• Comparison of Neurovascular Coupling between Normal Tension Glaucoma Patients and Healthy Individuals with Laser Speckle Flowgraphy.
  Curr Eye Res (2020)
• Impact of baseline IOP, vacuum, and different docking mechanisms, and their interaction on IOP rise in femtosecond laser-assisted refractive and cataract surgery.
  J Cataract Refract Surg (2019)
• Preoperative intraocular pressure as a strong predictive factor for intraocular pressure rise during vacuum application in femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery.
  Acta Ophthalmol (2019)